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大宗商品市場 作者 Fred Razak

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最後更新: Wed May 13 2026

IEA:自2月以來損失1280萬桶,市場仍處於緊縮狀態

IEA:自2月以來損失1280萬桶,市場仍處於緊縮狀態

石油市場並未出現修正——而是持續惡化。國際能源署(IEA)週三發布的5月報告顯示,全球供應量在4月份又下降了 180萬桶/日,自2月28日美以戰爭開始以來,總損失達到 1280萬桶/日全球庫存 目前正在以該機構所稱的 「創紀錄的速度」 消耗,IEA的訊息是明確的:動盪遠未結束。

週三,布蘭特原油期貨價格接近 每桶107美元 ,西德州原油價格略高於 101美元。霍爾木茲海峽中斷十週多以來,由於市場正在應對有史以來最大的石油市場供應衝擊——這是摩根士丹利大宗商品策略師 Martijn Rats 在週一的報告中直接告知客戶的說法,稱其「既不誇張也不具爭議性」,這兩個基準價格仍然居高不下。


供應缺口大於OPEC+的填補能力

該卡特爾的反應是真實但不足的。OPEC+於5月3日同意將6月份的產量提高 18.8萬桶/日 ——略低於5月份的增長幅度 20.6萬桶/日, 遠遠不及霍爾木茲海峽中斷所造成的月度損失, 根據CNBC的Joseph Wilkins報導. 使情況複雜化的是:阿聯酋於5月1日正式退出OPEC,因此週日的產量數據完全不包含其份額。七個剩餘成員國——沙特阿拉伯、俄羅斯、伊拉克、科威特、哈薩克斯坦、阿爾及利亞和阿曼——的產量有所增加,但仍無法彌補缺口。

摩根士丹利估計市場可能再損失 10億桶,時間在2026年全年, 這歸因於重啟油田、修復煉油廠和重新部署油輪船隊所需的時間。這是一種結構性拖累,而非情緒性拖累。


需求正在崩潰,但不足以迅速實現再平衡

IEA並未忽視需求端的破壞。該機構預計到2026年底,全球需求將同比萎縮 42萬桶/日 , 使全球需求降至 1.04億桶/日. 石化和航空業首先受到最嚴重的衝擊——這兩個行業都高度依賴即期能源價格,且短期內替代能力有限。

對多頭而言的問題是,即使考慮到需求萎縮,IEA仍預計2026年底市場將出現 供應短缺 。供應損失不僅超過了OPEC+的增長——它們的速度超過了需求破壞的速度。這種組合使得在夏季需求高峰期,原油價格的結構性上漲趨勢得以維持。


這對原油之外意味著什麼

XLE, 美國能源行業ETF,在持續的供應驅動的漲勢中,歷史上一直與布蘭特原油價格方向性同步。這種關係在夏季是否能維持,可能取決於煉油利潤率——儘管上游生產商受益於更高的實現價格,但高企的原油投入成本往往會壓縮加工利潤。

航空和擁有大量燃料成本基礎的工業類股是另一端的明確傳導渠道。航空業已被IEA列為受影響最嚴重的行業之一;WTI原油價格若進一步上漲至101美元以上,可能會加速運力削減和票價上漲,進而影響消費者可支配支出。


結束反彈的局面

國際能源署(IEA)警告的現實反駁是,霍爾木茲海峽周邊的停火或人道主義走廊安排比預期更快,這可能會觸發107美元布倫特原油價格中內嵌的地緣政治風險溢價的快速解除。商業和政府戰略儲備已在釋放以彌補損失——如果這種速度顯著加快,或者霍爾木茲海峽的運輸部分恢復,庫存消耗的速度可能會比5月份的報告預計的更快。國際能源署自身的石油需求萎縮預測—— 每日42萬桶 到年底——也為價格在摧毀足夠的需求以在較低水平重新平衡市場之前能達到的高度設定了活躍的上限。

目前,該機構對年底的供應缺口預測表明,這種情況尚未出現。


來源: CNBC — Joseph Wilkins,發佈於 2026-05-13T12:12:32+0000


風險免責聲明:交易差價合約(CFDs)涉及重大風險,可能導致您投資的資本損失。差價合約是複雜的工具,由於槓桿作用,存在快速損失資金的高風險。您應考慮是否理解差價合約的運作方式以及您是否能承受損失資金的高風險。過去的表現並不預示未來的結果。本內容僅供參考和教育目的,不構成投資建議。

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